Historical & Redlining Sources
Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond. Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America. Accessed December 2025.
https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/map/PA/Philadelphia/area_descriptions
WHYY News. “Redlining and Segregated Philadelphia.” WHYY, February 2020.
https://whyy.org/segments/redlining-segregated-philadelphia/
Philadelphia & Kensington–Focused Journalism
Hughes, Ernest Owens. “How Do You Solve a Problem Like Kensington?” The Philadelphia Citizen, August 10, 2023.
https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-kensington/
Philadelphia Department of Public Health. Overdose Data Brief. City of Philadelphia, October 2023.
https://www.phila.gov/media/20231002090544/CHARTv8e3.pdf
The Conversation. “Fewer Deaths, New Substances, and Evolving Treatments in Philly’s Opioid Epidemic: 4 Essential Reads.” The Conversation, March 2024.
https://theconversation.com/fewer-deaths-new-substances-and-evolving-treatments-in-phillys-opioid-epidemic-4-essential-reads-251969
Pew Charitable Trusts. Philadelphians’ Perspectives on the Opioid Crisis Are Shifting. Pew Research Center, June 2025.
https://www.pew.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2025/06/philadelphians-perspectives-on-the-opioid-crisis-are-shifting
Academic & Peer-Reviewed Sources
McGinty, Emma E., et al. “Policies to Address the Opioid Epidemic: Lessons from the Past.” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 26, no. 2 (2021).
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1741659021991199
Ciccarone, Daniel. “The Triple Wave Epidemic: Supply and Demand Drivers of the US Opioid Overdose Crisis.” Injury Prevention 27, no. 4 (2021): 395–401.
https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/27/4/395.abstract
Dasgupta, Nabarun, et al. “Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 2 (2018): 182–186.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6088017/
Link, Bruce G., and Jo C. Phelan. “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35 (1995): 80–94.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2622774/
Kerr, Thomas, et al. “Supervised Injection Facilities and Overdose Prevention.” The Lancet Public Health 5, no. 6 (2020): e303–e304.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7525583/
Government & Public Health Data
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. “NYC Overdose Deaths Decreased in 2023.” Press Release, March 2024.
https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2024/doh-announces-overdose-deaths-decreased-in-2023.page
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Drug Overdose Deaths by State.” National Center for Health Statistics, updated 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/state-stats/deaths/drug-overdose.html
National Journalism & Media
Associated Press. “Homeless Deaths in Portland Reach Record High, Driven by Fentanyl Overdoses.” Associated Press News, January 2024.
https://apnews.com/article/homeless-deaths-portland-oregon-fentanyl-fe74f9747830a848aa28f82d93add582
Video / Multimedia Source
Vox. “How America’s Opioid Crisis Happened.” YouTube video, 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfU30lSES1g
Home Page: Understanding Philadelphia's Opioid Crisis: A Structural Approach 